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To support regulators and health authorities in their decision-making. To support healthcare professionals in their treatment decisions. And to support public confidence in the treatments and therapeutics being deployed.While some initiatives have met with stakeholder support (e.g. WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, US NIH ClinicalTrials.gov database, Health Canada Clinical Information Portal, EMA Clinical Trials Register and Japan Registry of Clinical Trials), not all past efforts have been successful. Often this was because they were unsustainable due to reliance on goodwill or lack of appropriate resourcing.2The common aim of these initiatives is to ensure that results of research are accessible to all those involved in health care decision-making.

The priority should be for new innovative medicines and treatments. This improves transparency and strengthens the validity and value of the scientific evidence base. To succeed, initiatives need multi-stakeholder engagement aimed at finding solutions that deliver benefits for public health.Regulators continue to spend considerable resources negotiating transparency with sponsors. Both positive and negative clinically relevant data should be made available, while only personal data and individual patient data should be redacted. In any case, aggregated data are unlikely to lead to re-identification of personal data and techniques of anonymisation can be used.The first benefit is public trust.

Regulators are opening their decisions to public scrutiny demonstrating confidence in their work.Another benefit is the possible check of data integrity, a scientific necessity and an ethical must. Data must be robust, exhaustive and verifiable, through peer-review. Data integrity is priceless. Wrong regulatory decisions, made on selected or unreliable data, will affect the patients who receive that medicine.Lack of public access to negative trials has been identified as a source of bias, which weakens the conclusions of systematic reviews and provides a false sense of reassurance on the safety or efficacy of the medicine.Publication of data allows science to advance faster, by avoiding repetition of unnecessary trials and waste of resources (human and financial). This also brings benefits by improving the efficiency of development programmes and reducing both development costs and time.

Publication of data also allows secondary analyses (and meta-analysis) which have a different or complementary focus.Many public bodies have made open access a requirement as data are a common good. Providing access to data is also owed to trial participants who contributed physically and took the potential research risks.Not all data are of high quality, and increased public scrutiny should eventually improve the overall quality of data. Resources however are needed for data sharing, and systems for such access need to be established. Standardisation of data will allow better analyses but is not a requirement.While there may be a small risk of misuse of data (piracy or data mining for unfair commercial purpose) and misinterpretation, trial data can be put in context when published with the regulatory review of such data.Data must be published at the time of finalisation of the regulatory review. It cannot be justified to keep confidential efficacy and safety data of a medicine available on the market, or which has been refused access to the market.

Some regulators regularly publish the data that support positive approvals, but fewer do this for rejections, while this should avoid false expectations, misuse (accidental or not) and safety issues. Many completed trials on publication platforms only disclose protocols while results remain partial, outdated or unpublished.ICMRA and WHO are conscious of concerns that some stakeholders may have as regulators move to greater levels of transparency, but we remain confident of the overwhelming positive public health benefits of doing so.Providing systematic public access to data supporting approvals and rejections of medicines reviewed by regulators, is long overdue despite existing initiatives, such as those from the European Medicines Agency and Health Canada. The erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra has revealed how essential to public trust access to data is. ICMRA and WHO call on the pharmaceutical industry to commit, within short timelines, and without waiting for legal changes, to provide voluntary unrestricted access to trial results data for the benefit of public health.__________________________________________________________1 ICMRA is a voluntary coalition of leaders of medicines regulatory authorities that provides strategic directions for enhanced cooperation, improved communication and effective global crisis response mechanisms.2 E.g. Past declarations and private initiatives abandoned or not followed through include.

-- Walsh F (26 February 2013), "Drug firm Roche pledges greater access to trials data" -- Alials Campaign, https://www.alials.net/ (most recent data from March 2019) -- WHO and multi-party Joint statement on public disclosure of results from clinical trials, 18 May 2017 (accessed here, March 2021)..

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On this page Changes to the regulationsHealth Canada is making regulatory changes to the Medical Devices Regulations to strengthen the buy kamagra online with paypal lifecycle approach to the regulation of medical find here devices by increasing post-market surveillance authorities. With these amendments, we have implemented certain powers included in Vanessa’s Law and additional measures to improve post-market surveillance of medical devices. Together these will help to reduce the risk of medical devices and improve their safety, quality and effectiveness.The post-market surveillance regulations amending the Medical Devices Regulations will improve our ability to identify, assess and manage new risks for medical devices used in Canada.Consultations and publicationIn the spring of 2018, Health Canada buy kamagra online with paypal published a notice on our intent to strengthen the post-market surveillance and risk management of medical devices in Canada.

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However, it has now been published.Coming into forceThe post-market buy kamagra online with paypal surveillance regulations amending the Medical Devices Regulations were published in the Canada Gazette, Part II (CGII) on December 23, 2020. The various provisions under the regulations are coming into force as follows. Amending Regulations Coming into Force Date Note Summary Reports (Medical Device Regulations) First buy kamagra online with paypal anniversary after publication in CGII December 23, 2021 Relates to Summary Report provisions under sections 61.4, 61.5 and 61.6 Other amendments to the Medical Devices Regulations Six months after publication in CGII June 23, 2021 Excludes sections related to Summary Report provisions under sections 61.4, 61.5 and 61.6 Guidance documentsWe have prepared and updated 4 guidance documents.

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To inform us of notifiable actions under foreign risk notification buy kamagra online with paypal requirements for medical devices, industry will be using an electronic form. We will make this form available on Canada.ca in the coming months. You can find information on what’s required in the form in the Guidance Document for Foreign Risk Notification for Medical Devices.Contact usIf you have questions about this notice, please contact:Medical Devices DirectorateHealth Products and Food Branch11 buy kamagra online with paypal Holland Avenue, Tower AAddress Locator 3002AE-mail.

Hc.meddevices-instrumentsmed.sc@canada.caTelephone. 613-957-4786Facsimile. 613-957-6345Teletypewriter.

1-800-465-7735 (Service Canada)Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) Australia Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES) Austria Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP) Belgium National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) Brazil Bulgarian Drug Agency Bulgaria National Medical Products Administration China Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices of Croatia (HALMED) Croatia Cyprus Medical Devices Competent Authority Cyprus State Institute for Drug Control Czechia Danish Medicines Agency Denmark Health Board, Medical Devices Department Estonia Finnish Medicines Agency (FIMEA) Finland National Agency for the Safety of Medicine and Health Products (ANSM) France Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM) Germany National Organization for Medicines (EOF) Greece National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition (OGYEI) Hungary Health Products Regulatory Authority (HPRA) Ireland Medical Devices and Active Implantable Medical Devices, Ministry of Health Italy Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) Japan Ministry of Health of the Republic of Latvia- Health Inspectorate Latvia State Health Care Accreditation Agency (VASPVT) Lithuania State Health Care Agency, Ministry of Health Luxembourg Malta Competition and Consumer Affairs Authority (MCCAA) Malta Federal Commission for Protection Against Sanitary Risk (COFEPRIS) Mexico Healthcare and Youth Care Inspectorate (IGZ) Netherlands Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority (MEDSAFE) New Zealand Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices and Biocidal Products Poland National Authority of Medicines and Health Products (INFARMED) Portugal National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (NAMMDR) Romania Russian Ministry of Health Russia Health Sciences Authority (HSA) Singapore State Institute for Drug Control (SIDC) Slovak Republic Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices of the Republic (JAZMP) Slovenia Ministry of Food and Drug Safety South Korea Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products (AEMPS) Spain Medical Products Agency (MPA) Sweden Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products (Swissmedic) Switzerland Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) United Kingdom United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) United States of America.

On this where can you buy kamagra page Changes to the regulationsHealth Canada is making regulatory changes to the Medical Devices Regulations to strengthen the lifecycle approach to the regulation of medical devices by increasing post-market surveillance authorities. With these amendments, we have implemented certain powers included in Vanessa’s Law and additional measures to improve post-market surveillance of medical devices. Together these will help to reduce the risk of medical devices and improve their safety, quality and effectiveness.The post-market surveillance regulations amending the Medical Devices Regulations will improve our where can you buy kamagra ability to identify, assess and manage new risks for medical devices used in Canada.Consultations and publicationIn the spring of 2018, Health Canada published a notice on our intent to strengthen the post-market surveillance and risk management of medical devices in Canada. We consulted with manufacturers and importers of medical devices on the proposed regulatory changes and related guidance documents.The proposed regulations were published in Canada Gazette, Part I, on June 15, 2019.

Stakeholders had 70 days within where can you buy kamagra which to comment. We also made available guidance documents for comment.In June 2020, Health Canada advised that this regulatory initiative had been delayed due to the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra. However, it has now been published.Coming into forceThe post-market surveillance regulations amending the Medical Devices Regulations were published in the Canada Gazette, Part II where can you buy kamagra (CGII) on December 23, 2020. The various provisions under the regulations are coming into force as follows.

Amending Regulations Coming into Force Date Note Summary Reports (Medical Device Regulations) First anniversary after publication in CGII December 23, 2021 Relates to Summary Report provisions under sections 61.4, 61.5 and 61.6 Other amendments to the Medical Devices Regulations Six months after publication in CGII June 23, 2021 Excludes sections related to Summary Report provisions under sections 61.4, 61.5 and 61.6 Guidance documentsWe have where can you buy kamagra prepared and updated 4 guidance documents. We’ll be releasing and publishing these guidance documents in the weeks following publication of the amending regulations in Canada Gazette, Part II. The guidance where can you buy kamagra documents are for. Incident reporting for medical devices foreign risk notification for medical devices summary reports and issue-related analyses of safety and effectiveness for medical devices guide to new authorities on the amendments to include power to require assessments and power to require tests and studiesNote.

To inform us of notifiable actions under foreign risk notification requirements for medical devices, industry will be using an where can you buy kamagra electronic form. We will make this form available on Canada.ca in the coming months. You can find information on what’s required in the form in the Guidance Document for Foreign Risk Notification for Medical Devices.Contact usIf you have questions about this notice, please contact:Medical where can you buy kamagra Devices DirectorateHealth Products and Food Branch11 Holland Avenue, Tower AAddress Locator 3002AE-mail. Hc.meddevices-instrumentsmed.sc@canada.caTelephone.

613-957-4786Facsimile. 613-957-6345Teletypewriter. 1-800-465-7735 (Service Canada)Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) Australia Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES) Austria Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP) Belgium National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) Brazil Bulgarian Drug Agency Bulgaria National Medical Products Administration China Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices of Croatia (HALMED) Croatia Cyprus Medical Devices Competent Authority Cyprus State Institute for Drug Control Czechia Danish Medicines Agency Denmark Health Board, Medical Devices Department Estonia Finnish Medicines Agency (FIMEA) Finland National Agency for the Safety of Medicine and Health Products (ANSM) France Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM) Germany National Organization for Medicines (EOF) Greece National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition (OGYEI) Hungary Health Products Regulatory Authority (HPRA) Ireland Medical Devices and Active Implantable Medical Devices, Ministry of Health Italy Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) Japan Ministry of Health of the Republic of Latvia- Health Inspectorate Latvia State Health Care Accreditation Agency (VASPVT) Lithuania State Health Care Agency, Ministry of Health Luxembourg Malta Competition and Consumer Affairs Authority (MCCAA) Malta Federal Commission for Protection Against Sanitary Risk (COFEPRIS) Mexico Healthcare and Youth Care Inspectorate (IGZ) Netherlands Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority (MEDSAFE) New Zealand Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices and Biocidal Products Poland National Authority of Medicines and Health Products (INFARMED) Portugal National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (NAMMDR) Romania Russian Ministry of Health Russia Health Sciences Authority (HSA) Singapore State Institute for Drug Control (SIDC) Slovak Republic Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices of the Republic (JAZMP) Slovenia Ministry of Food and Drug Safety South Korea Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products (AEMPS) Spain Medical Products Agency (MPA) Sweden Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products (Swissmedic) Switzerland Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) United Kingdom United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) United States of America.

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In the midst of an ongoing apocalyptic reality that never seems buy kamagra online uk to end, what’s in your pots and pans might kamagra kopen in de winkel be the last thing on your mind. But now, more than ever, it might be time to take stock of what’s in the kitchen and make sure it’s safe to cook on. In recent months, there’s been an unprecedented return to the kamagra kopen in de winkel home kitchen.

In a survey of 1,000 people by the International Food Information Council, half said they were more likely to cook a meal from scratch than they had been at the beginning of the kamagra. Thirty percent said kamagra kopen in de winkel they tried new recipes. At the same time, a growing number of consumers are seeking cookware that will get the job done and limit their exposure to humanmade industrial chemicals.

But how do the different options on store shelves stack up in terms of health, environmental impact, durability, and ease of use?. Discover asked the experts for their advice on picking pots and pans that can cook up kamagra kopen in de winkel delicious food and not add unintended, toxic ingredients to your dish. Suzanne Fenton, a reproductive endocrinologist at the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS).

J. Kenji López-Alt, a chef, author of the cooking science book The Food Lab, and chief culinary consultant for Serious Eats. And Olga Naidenko, vice president of science investigations at the Environmental Working Group (EWG), a nonprofit and nonpartisan advocacy organization.Traditional Nonstick (Credit.

Iurii Stepanov/Shutterstock)Nonstick is the cooking surface that is probably the most likely to sound alarm bells in consumers’ minds. This kind of coating, known commercially as Teflon, lines metal pans with a tough, synthetic resin to create a slippery surface. Its chemical name is polytetrafluoroethylene, or PTFE.

Historically, it was made using PFOAs, or perfluorooctanoic acids. PFOAs are part of a group of stubborn chemicals that have been linked with health risks like thyroid problems, possible hormone disruption, kidney disease and immune system issues. The FDA worked with companies to phase out the use of PFOAs and other similar chemicals in food-contact applications by 2016.

However, similar to in the cosmetics industry, manufacturers don’t have to disclose every ingredient they use in their coatings. PTFE coating, or Teflon, isn’t necessarily dangerous if ingested by accident from scratching or chipping, according to Fenton and Naidenko, though its nonstick properties will weaken if scratched. What’s more worrisome is when a PTFE nonstick pan is used at a high heat — say, searing a steak or leaving a burner on by accident.

Molecular bonds in the coating begin to break down at around 500 degrees, according to a presentation on home chemical coatings by Michael Michalczyk, a chemical consultant. Nonstick coatings can then release dangerous fumes that irritate the respiratory system. According to Naidenko, PTFE coating today is essentially the same as the old versions — just made with much smaller amounts of PFOAs.

But she adds that “the risk of it overheating, and harming our lungs — that risk stays. Those pans should not be overheated [during] their lifetime — that would be a concern.” Both Naidenko and Fenton noted that the health dangers posed by Teflon cookware is a small risk compared to the environmental contamination associated with manufacturing and disposing of these products. According to the EWG, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (or PFAS), a group of chemicals that PFOAs belong to, can be found in the drinking water of many U.S.

Cities. PFAS enter the environment from Teflon products breaking down in landfills, and from the production of plastic wrappings, water-repellant items, and things like military firefighting foam. Although the Environmental Protection Agency says this group of chemicals can be incinerated as a way to keep them from other waste streams, Naikendo said that this can cause an air pollution problem for communities where incineration occurs.López-Alt says he rarely uses nonstick cookware, but when he does it’s for low-heat tasks like cooking an omelet, where nonstick has a big advantage.Ceramic (Credit.

Melica/Shutterstock)Some of the most popular new cookware crowding Instagram feeds and online stores are ceramic. These pots and pans boast labels like “PTFE and PFOA-free” or “non-toxic,” and “healthy.” But because they’re a relatively new nonstick alternative, our experts say not as much is known about them in terms of the long-term effects on health and the environment. Pans marketed as “nonstick ceramic” are not made of pottery or clay, however.

Pure ceramic cookware that’s closer to pottery does exist, but it’s less common. Instead, many products labeled as ceramic include a metal core with a chemically-combined coating that is sprayed on. There’s a good chance a ceramic pan has a coating containing silica — the same mineral that sand and silicone are made out of — and various other substances.

The viral Always Pan, along with other popular options in the cookware aisle, are made using sol-gel — a wet-chemical process that forms nanoparticles into solid materials and dehydrates them into ceramic or glasslike surfaces. But a downside to ceramic nonstick is that the coating doesn’t last as long as PTFE-based pans. According to Naidenko, because it’s hard to know what the exact contents of these coatings are, “even if one has a pan that has not a lot of PTFE in it, they still should not overheat something” in a ceramic pan.

Cast Iron(Credit. Natashamam/Shutterstock)It might be time to pay more attention to that friend who won’t stop talking about seasoning their cast-iron skillet. That’s because cast iron cookware is one of the most reliable and time-honored materials that can grace your kitchen.

Cast iron cookware is quite heavy — which for some might be enough reason to pass on it. But because of its weight and density, cast iron can retain heat much longer than other metals like aluminum. However, it doesn’t distribute its heat very evenly, according to López-Alt.

From a safety perspective, what you see is what you get. Iron alloyed with varying amounts of carbon and silicon, forged into a shape. €œSeasoning” a cast iron pan is the process of adding oil or fat and heating the pan.

This creates a reaction with the oil and the iron that forms a somewhat nonstick black layer — a polymer, López-Alt says, which gets built up as it's used. The surface stands up well to most kinds of cooking, and prevents sticking, although acids like tomato and vinegar can break down the coating that forms. Contrary to popular belief, cast iron can be washed with soap without damaging the surface — but leaving cast iron wet with water can cause it to rust.

According to López-Alt, “The whole idea that you can't clean cast iron with soap is just a complete myth that no longer applies,” he says, noting that older soaps containing lye did affect cast iron, but not modern soaps. €œI think people just sort of baby their cast iron much more than they have to.” Small amounts of iron do, in fact, end up in food, but for people prone to iron deficiency, this can actually be a benefit. Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel(Credit.

Yevlashkina Anastasiia/Shutterstock)Steel cookware is some of the most common and popular cookware around because of its durability and how well it stores heat energy compared to other metals — a little less than cast iron or copper, but better than others, says López-Alt. Stainless steel usually has more added materials, like chromium or nickel, and a conductive core like aluminum or copper, while carbon steel is just steel. Carbon steel, which is common for woks and crêpe pans, is more similar to cast iron.

It has some nonstick properties and is very durable and heat-resistant, but can also rust. Stainless steel can be put in a dishwasher, unlike carbon steel, and it won’t react with acids as much. But overall, both are scratch-resistant and safe surfaces to cook on.

Fenton favors stainless steel pans, while Lopez-Alt says he prefers his carbon steel cookware, which should be seasoned like cast iron. €œMy real advice would be to learn how to use carbon steel because it's the best,” he says. Aluminum and Anodized Aluminum(Credit.

A. Zhuravleva/Shutterstock)Aluminum might comprise a whole pan, be mixed with other metals, or make up a layer within the pan. It’s less dense than metals like steel or iron, so it doesn’t retain heat very well.

This means that it can cool down quickly, but it does conduct — or transfer — heat very well, making it a popular addition to pans made with other metals. According to López-Alt, chefs in restaurants often use aluminum pans because their industrial burners can maintain stronger heat than a typical home kitchen stove. Anodization gives aluminum a very hard, non-corrosive surface.

Anodized aluminum is made with an electrolytic process that makes it much harder and smooth — the one downside is that you can’t put these kinds of pans in the dishwasher or you risk ruining the surface, according to the book Things Cooks Love, by Marie Simmons. While there has been inconclusive research on links between aluminum and Alzheimer's, aluminum cookware is currently not considered to be a health risk. The CDC says that while aluminum cookware can transfer aluminum into foods, especially acidic ones, “aluminum levels found in processed foods and foods cooked in aluminum pots are generally considered to be safe.”Copper (Credit.

FabrikaSimf/Shutterstock)Copper is favored by professional chefs for its superior conductivity, which means it heats up quickly and evenly. But copper should not come into contact with food on its own, because it can react with acidic ingredients like wine, fruit juice, or vinegar and leach into food, according to the FDA’s 2017 Food Code. €œWhile copper is very good because of its heating properties, too much copper is not good for the body, especially for children,” says Naidenko.

€œIt can even cause things like diarrhea and nausea.” Many copper pots or pans are lined with a metal like tin or stainless steel for this reason. Tin can wear more easily than steel, so if you have an old tin-lined copper pot, or if you spot one at a yard sale for a good price, Naidenko said it’s a good idea to look for scratches. Copper also can be quite expensive and can oxidize in damp air, leaving a green discoloration.

Takeaways From the Experts(Credit. Ekkapop Sittiwantana/Shutterstock)Each type of cookware comes with some advantages and drawbacks. A general rule of thumb is to choose cookware that works well for your needs, and steer clear of products if the materials aren’t clearly defined.

You can’t go wrong with basic heavy cookware that is durable and long-lasting. But note that even nonstick cookware has its place in modern kitchens and can be reserved for preparing delicate dishes that are prone to sticking. If you have the means and must replace a pot or pan, consider cookware that will stand the test of time.

And know that even if the materials are considered safe for humans at home, they could become environmental hazards when they break down in landfills at the end of their life. As Fenton said, “If you're going to invest in cookware, you might as well go for something that's going to be a little bit safer and last you a little bit longer.” And no matter which type of pan you choose, the safest pan for your health may come down to how you wield it in the kitchen. €œI think pretty much all the cookware out there right now is pretty safe, as long as you take care of it,” she says.Citizen Science Salon is a partnership between Discover and SciStarter.org.

The future of individualized medicine may depend on an army of one million volunteers. And scientists want you to get involved. Researchers with the National Institutes of Health are recruiting citizen scientists to enlist in a study of unprecedented scope and depth.

The program, called All of Us, promises to take personal data from a diverse cross-section of volunteers and turn it into groundbreaking insights about the complex roles our genes, lifestyles and environments play in our health. €œBy studying people longitudinally over time, we’re able to see diseases arise,” says Sheri Schully, the All of Us program’s acting chief medical and scientific officer.In return for completing surveys and offering up biological samples, the program will send participants personalized results about everything from their ancestry to their genetic predisposition for certain diseases. It’s also free to join.

And last month, All of Us sent participants back the first set of genetic results. Take Part. Join the National Institutes of Health’s All of Us Program‘The Right Treatment at the Right Time’In January of 2015, President Barack Obama stood in front of the country during the State of the Union and offered a bold vision for accelerating research.

A research program then called the Precision Medicine Initiative would recruit at least one million people from across the United States and study them, leading to rapid advances in drug discovery and customized treatments for patients based on personal data.“I want the country that eliminated polio and mapped the human genome to lead a new era of medicine — one that delivers the right treatment at the right time,” Obama told the nation. He added that the project could bring us closer to curing diseases like cancer and diabetes, while offering people access to personal information that could help them stay healthy. Five years later, NIH has already enrolled hundreds of thousands of participants, and last month, those volunteers started receiving the first results from their genetic samples.

But the project still has a long way to go to reach one million people. And with the approach of Citizen Science Month in April, they’re calling on volunteers from around the country to get involved in not only All of Us, but also a group of featured citizen science projects and events produced with global and national partners like SciStarter, Arizona State University, Science Friday and National Geographic. €œThe power of citizen science is the massive impact that is made by everyday people, individually and collectively,” says Darlene Cavalier, founder of SciStarter and a professor of practice at the School for the Future of Innovation in Society at Arizona State University.

€œOnline and virtual events during Citizen Science Month will help introduce thousands of people to citizen science and help them find ways to act upon issues they are curious or concerned about, individually or as a community.”The NIH has now enrolled hundreds of thousands of volunteers, and participants have now started to receive the first results from their genetic samples. (Credit. All of Us/NIH)Kickstarting Precision MedicineParticipants with All of Us start by taking a survey about their lifestyle, family history and more.

Then, they can agree to share their health records with researchers and offer up blood and urine samples, as well as physical measurements like height, weight and heart rate. Participants can even share daily personal health data from smart devices like a Fitbit. The data is stripped of all personal identifiers, but this granular level of detail, when monitored over time, can give researchers a real-time look at the ways diseases arise.

It’s all part of what researchers call precision medicine. Precision medicine stands in contrast to the current one-size-fits-all approach to disease treatment used by doctors around the world. But if medical professionals could better understand their patients at an individual level, doctors could predict the best possible treatment for a particular disease.

€œ[Precision medicine] is understanding what a person is experiencing and what’s going on inside and outside their body in relation to disease,” Schully says. €œIt’s really evaluating a person holistically. What are they eating?.

What’s their lifestyle like?. And what kind of job do they have?. Precision medicine to us doesn't just mean targeted treatment, it means targeted prevention.”A Holistic Look at erectile dysfunction treatment’s ImpactResearchers are already studying the database.

And it’s even giving them new insights into erectile dysfunction treatment. Back before the kamagra started, All of Us was enrolling about 3,000 people every week. Eventually, the erectile dysfunction forced them to temporarily pause that enrollment.

But when researchers went back and studied the 24,000 blood samples they’d collected between late 2019 and early 2020, they found some surprises. At the time, researchers didn’t know erectile dysfunction treatment was spreading in communities around the country. Yet a significant number of the blood samples All of Us collected showed signs of erectile dysfunction treatment antibodies, meaning that the disease was spreading in many states well before health officials realized.

Researchers with the project recently published those results in the New England Journal of Medicine. Meanwhile, All of Us has also been asking participants about erectile dysfunction treatment symptoms via a survey sent out last May. The survey included broad erectile dysfunction treatment-related questions, including inquiries about people’s mental well-being and whether they’d lost their job.

The initial results of that work were released to researchers in December, and they offer a detailed look at how erectile dysfunction treatment is affecting families and communities. Among other things, All of Us heard back that people are suffering long-term heart defects and breathing effects, problems that medical professionals have seen elsewhere. Armed with this data, the program hopes they can monitor these lingering health problems over time.

It’s a sort of holistic look that has been part of the program’s mission since the start. An All of Us staff member measures a participant’s height. (Credit.

All of Us/NH)A Truly Diverse DatasetOther large projects have collected genetic databases aimed at advancing disease diagnosis and treatment, but All of Us stands out for its staggering size and its mission. Researchers aren’t just studying people’s DNA, All of Us is putting its participants at the epicenter of their program. The community helps make decisions, with volunteers even sitting on governing boards, deciding how data can be used.

If that aim wasn’t lofty enough, All of Us is also after a diverse cross-section of the American public, including people from diverse ethnic and economic backgrounds, as well as a mix of rural and urban residents. That’s something other studies have long struggled with. The project’s leaders say that most of modern medicine has been biased toward studying people with European ancestry, leaving other segments of the population underrepresented in research.

And as an incentive to get one million people involved, the project will also share genetic information with its participants, including things like ancestry and whether they’re at an increased risk for disease. €œNever before have we really put the participant at the center of the study and really valued the back and forth, giving them what matters to them,” Schully says. €œWe really want to be a catalyst for change in how things are done in science.”Insights into Disease PredispositionIn December, they started returning those first individual ancestry and genetic trait results to volunteers.

€œParticipants are our most important partners in this effort, and we know many of them are eager to get their genetic results and learn about the science they’re making possible,” All of Us chief executive officer Josh Denny said in an announcement. €œWe’re working to provide that valuable information in a responsible way.”Later this year, All of Us plans to start telling interested participants about how their DNA could affect their body’s response to certain drugs, or even about genes that could increase their risk of a variety of diseases like cancer. Those results will be paired with counseling to help people understand the implications of their DNA profile.

And, like everything with the program, the personal data will be tightly protected. €œIt's a huge milestone for our project,” Schully says. €œReturning results on this level has never been done before.”And people who get involved throughout the year — including during Citizen Science Month — can look forward to learning more about their family’s ancestry and genetic predispositions.

Citizen Science Month is all about turning curiosity into impact, and what better way than with a project that could help you better understand yourself while helping researchers better understand human health at large?. You can join the All of Us program by visiting joinallofus.org/nlm.Your digestive system plays host to a mind-boggling 100 trillion microbes — microscopic pinch-hitters that allow you to absorb energy from your food and churn out compounds like serotonin, which affect your mental well-being. While some of these microbes take up residence in your gut from birth, others emerge or wane depending on the lifestyle choices you make.New research suggests that if you exercise, take antidepressants or use cannabis, your gut-bacterial balance may shift profoundly.

But scientists still face a so-called black box conundrum. They’re not always sure what biological processes cause these microbial shifts or how the shifts affect other body functions. Planned larger-scale studies promise to deepen experts’ understanding of the bacterial changes your daily habits usher in, as well as the long-term health implications.Exercise to ColonizeNot only does regular exercise boost your overall well-being, it also swells the ranks of gut bacteria that promote a healthy metabolism, says Satu Pekkala, a bacteriologist at Finland’s University of Jyväskylä.

In a 2018 study, Pekkala and his colleagues recruited 17 overweight women who participated in three endurance exercise sessions each week for six weeks. The women rode an exercise bike that adjusted workout intensity so that riders stayed at about 85% of their maximum heart rate.The team had participants collect stool samples before and after the six-week training period, then sequenced DNA from these samples to detect changes in the women’s gut bacteria. After the training regimen, the women had higher levels of gut bacteria from the genus Akkermansia — a bacterial group tied to improved metabolic function — than they had before.

They also had lower levels of Proteobacteria, a genus linked to inflammation in the body.Pekkala has secured approval to conduct another study that examines bacteria-produced molecules to explore what biological role Akkermansia and Proteobacteria might play in the gut — and how Akkermansia abundance might affect the body’s ability to burn fat stores. €œNot everybody loses fat mass even if they exercise,” Pekkala says. €œIt’s important to know how the metabolic functions [of gut bacteria] affect fat loss.” The Cannabis ConnectionPlenty of research shows that marijuana compounds reduce disease-related inflammation, and, according to a 2019 study, these compounds’ effects on gut bacteria might explain some of their anti-inflammatory properties.In exploring possible treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (MS), University of South Carolina researchers treated mice that had a similar condition with molecules like delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD).The mice showed fewer signs of inflammation after the cannabis treatment — and an analysis showed that gut-bacterial shifts were likely responsible, at least in part.

Before treatment, the mice had high levels of the bacterial species Akkermansia muciniphila, which produces compounds called lipopolysaccharides that are linked to brain inflammation. After treatment, mice had lower levels of this species in their guts and lower levels of lipopolysaccharides in their brains. Future studies may show whether cannabis can spur similar gut-bacterial and brain changes in humans with MS.Gut CheckAn antidepressant that millions of Americans take may alter their gut-bacterial mix as well as their mental outlook, University of California-Los Angeles researchers say.

In a 2019 study, the UCLA team added fluoxetine (Prozac) to a tube with a common gut bacterial species called Turicibacter sanguinis, which normally tells intestinal cells to produce more serotonin — a neurotransmitter that affects mood. After the team put in fluoxetine, the bacteria transported less serotonin than it had before. Further experiments showed that mice dosed with fluoxetine had lower gut levels of Turicibacter than other mice.These results suggest that Turicibacter populations fluctuate in the presence of drugs like fluoxetine that modify serotonin levels.

Next, the UCLA team plans to tease out the molecular mechanisms that reveal just how fluoxetine affects certain gut bacteria — and how that might influence the way the drug works in the brain and the rest of the body. €œThere’s variation in how effective fluoxetine is for different people,” says UCLA microbiologist Jonathan Lynch. €œSomething like the interaction with the microbiome might be mediating that.”Future studies of these gut-brain interactions could allow a personalized-medicine approach that identifies people who are good candidates to respond to drugs like fluoxetine, Lynch says.

Someday, based on your gut microbe profile, doctors might be able to tell you which antidepressants will work for you and which ones you shouldn’t even try.This article contains affiliate links to products. Discover may receive a commission for purchases made through these links. CBD enthusiasts know that the best CBD oil is made with naturally grown hemp.

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Starting out with very intent-driven oils like Focus, Chill, and Boost, they began diversifying their lineup to include more fruit-flavored varieties as well, such as Lemon Lime, Pineapple, Strawberry, Watermelon, Mango, and Peach. As all of them use natural, vegan ingredients, they’ve stripped down their offering to host only the standards but doing it well, sourcing all their oil’s materials from inside the US.An overall great brand, Verma Farms is an easy number one for any CBD fan out there, no matter how much they’ve done.3. NuLeaf Naturals Full-Spectrum CBD OilYou may have never heard of NuLeaf Naturals before, but this company has been perfecting its full-spectrum CBD oil since the early days.

NuLeaf makes only one concentration of CBD oil, and it is not flavored. However, you can order it in a number of different sizes. You no longer have to worry about running out before the month is out when you can order bottles as large as 3.38 ounces!.

NuLeaf takes the importance of wellness seriously, and it makes sure that those who need the support of CBD most get it. It offers deep discounts to frontline workers, military personnel, teachers, students, people on long-term disability, lower-income households and more. 4.

Charlotte’s Web Original FormulaExcellent ValueA classic CBD oil that helped fuel the beginning of an industry, Charlotte’s Web’s Original Formula CBD oil was formulated out of a passion to help others. Every CBD enthusiast should give this whole-plant formula a try. Gently extracted with alcohol, the original formula intends to keep all the healthy properties in the hemp plant and packs them into a full spectrum oil you can take every day.We love that Charlotte’s Web keeps getting better, too.

The company just earned a B Corp certification, meaning it is recognized as a leader in its concern for its customers, its employees, the environment, and its level of transparency. 5. Spruce Maximum Potency CBD TinctureWe love Spruce’s Maximum Potency 2,400 mg Tincture because it is made by a family-owned company that cares deeply about helping its customers maintain their health and wellness.You’ll sometimes even see the Spencer family packing shipments themselves, working hard to get the CBD you love delivered to your door as quickly as possible.The hemp used is grown on family-owned farms, and is extracted using Kentucky moonshine (don’t worry, all traces are gone by the time the finished product is bottled).

The result is a formula Spruce is proud of.The company boasts a full-spectrum CBD oil that has a high concentration of all the beneficial cannabinoids found in hemp, with a very low concentration of THC.Best CBD Oil for Giving Back to the Community6. Endoca THC-Free Chocolate Mint CBD OilExcellent ValueThis is one of Endoca's first flavored CBD oils, and it has one of the highest concentrations available today. Free of THC, the super-strength CBD oil is also super affordable.

It has 5 mg of CBD per drop, and 150 mg per dropperful.The Endoca Foundation was developed in order to spread its mission for wellness around the world, and people with disabilities and those who live in low-income households can now benefit from a 50 percent discount on CBD products that help maintain your health.In addition to the discount program for customers in need, Endoca has established programs that are committed to helping people obtain nutritional wellness.7. Lazarus Naturals 1:1 CBG. CBD TinctureExcellent ValueLazarus Naturals is an employee-owned company that is committed to keeping the benefits of hemp affordable, effective, safe, and all-natural.When you’re looking for an energizing kick, this CBG/CBD tincture is just the thing you need.

CBG is another cannabinoid found in hemp and combining it with CBD is thought to have additional wellness effects.The prices at Lazarus Naturals are already low, but the company offers a support discount program for those who are disabled, or who live in households with low incomes. People who qualify get a full 60 percent off on the CBD products they need.8. Flora’s Mercantile CBD Isolate TinctureExcellent ValueWith 2,000 mg of CBD isolate in a 30 mL bottle, Flora’s Mercantile CBD Isolate Drops are some of the most potent, pure CBD oil drops you can find.

Owner and founder, Chris Bedrosian has committed to sharing her profits throughout the erectile dysfunction treatment crisis, by giving away this particular formula to anyone who can prove they are employed as a nurse, or any other hospital or frontline worker. When times get tough, Flora’s Mercantile steps up and offers the kind of support we all need right now. You can also find relaxing teas that are made with different botanical ingredients including hemp, and everything the company makes is “tested, trusted, and guaranteed.”Best CBD With a Kick9.

Bluebird Botanicals Uplift CBG + CBD OilBluebird Botanicals is another one of the classic trailblazing companies on our list. This company was founded with the mission of bringing us all into a closer relationship with the earth, ourselves, and each other, through its products.The company’s latest energizing formula—a combination of CBG in addition to CBD—is meant to give you that extra boost in your day. Bluebird is a B Corp certified company, and its concern for the environment and community are apparent in everything it does.

Its products are certified as being glyphosate-free, they all have a Leaping Bunny certification, and everything the company makes is vegan as well. 10. Medterra’s Ultra Broad Spectrum CBD OilExcellent ValueMedterra makes some of the best CBD oil on the market, and at great prices.

Functionality and affordability are the key with Medterra’s Ultra Broad Spectrum CBD Oil, which is what we love about it.This is one of the best broad-spectrum formulas we’ve seen. The Ultra Broad Spectrum™ oil has all the benefits of a whole-plant extract, with all the THC removed. Medterra is conscientious and careful in everything it makes, while supplying excellent variety to keep its shoppers coming back.

It also offers discounts to people in the military and those who have a disability.Best CBD Oil from Companies Owned by People of Color11. Brown Girl Jane Balance Wellness DropsExcellent ValueBrown Girl Jane is dedicated to supporting the wellness of Black women everywhere, and a portion of the revenue from each purchase you make goes to this end. The company is owned by Black women who are respected leaders in their communities and committed to contributing to the diversification of the hemp and CBD industries.The quality hemp used to make the company’s Balance oil is grown in the United States, and Brown Girl Jane pledges to make only the best CBD oil and other products.12.

Buena Botanicals CBD ElixirThe pair of set sisters who founded Buena Botanicals wanted to “create a business seeded in our common passion for holistic healing, community, self-determination, plant medicine, and love for Mama Earth.”That’s exactly what has come through with this company’s products, and supporting this company is supporting the community it aims to create as well. With Buena Botanicals, you don’t have to worry about getting too much CBD at a time, because its concentrations are a little on the lower side, just right for beginners.13. Lion X Wellness CBD IsolateWe don’t have many CBD isolates on our list, but we think this one is pretty great.

It’s an oil you can take every day, and its flavor is light and mild.Nico Marley (yes, related to Bob Marley) started this CBD company with a goal to "heal our communities through their mind, body, and soul."All of Lion X’s products are vegan friendly, made with natural sustainable ingredients, and you can count on them to be made in the United States. 14. Noirebud Balance DropsCarolyn Gray founded Noirebud to pay homage to Black communities and offer a luxury brand that everyone can trust.

Noirebud products are all-natural and vegan, and these Balance Drops are a perfect way to inspire some much-needed you-time.Take a moment to stop worrying about everyone else’s problems and get yourself the wellness you deserve.Best CBD Oil from Women-Owned Companies15. Kat’s Naturals Kat’s Craft Collection Full-Spectrum CBD OilThis company has helped farmers transform their tobacco fields into hemp fields, employed people from its own backyard, and expanded access to a variety of wellness products to satisfied customers all over the globe.Kat’s Naturals have been focused on helping its local Tennessee community thrive since its beginnings, and now you can reap the benefits in this limited-edition CBD oil.Kat’s Craft Collection is described as “hemp in a bottle,” with all the supportive components of the Tennessee-1 strain of locally grown hemp. It comes in a gorgeous bottle hand-designed by a local Tennessee artist, and the 2000 mg of CBD is intended to last customers four months.16.

Ohana Night Repair Face OilAll kinds of CBD oils are made for wellness from the inside out. Ohana’s products are made for wellness to help you glow on the outside, too. The company’s integrity and quality start with the fact that it was founded by a woman who used CBD for support and maintenance as she dealt with multiple sclerosis.She wanted everyone to experience some of the same benefits she experienced, and that’s what inspired her to create a company that focused on skincare.The Night Repair Face Serum is one of our favorites because it has a relaxing lavender scent that’s perfect for when you’re headed off to bed.

The serum does its work overnight, keeping your skin fresh and moisturized while you rest. 17. Onyx + Rose Pure Bloom Chocolate Coconut Broad-Spectrum CBD OilExcellent ValueWe love this picture-perfect CBD oil brand not only because it’s completely Instagram-ready, but also because of its unique, delicious flavors that were made with both your wellness and your delight in mind.This woman-owned company focuses on creating sustainable products with high-quality hemp.

Its broad-spectrum CBD formulas also contain CBG, CBN, and CBC, and they are completely free of THC.The company also offers a full-spectrum CBD oil as well as other products, and the prices are just as pretty as the packaging. 18. Joy Organics Organic Full Spectrum CBD Oil TinctureJoy Organics was founded by Joy Smith and her family, and they still run the company today.

Joy Organics is one of the most trusted companies out there. It is easy to see why they have this reputation, given their high level of transparency and clear focus on quality.It can be exceptionally challenging to get an organic certification for CBD products, but Joy has made the investment in order to show its customers just how much it cares.All of this company’s certified organic products have met stringent USDA guidelines for all of the ingredients used to make them. They are cruelty-free and Hemp Roundtable certified as well.

19. Sisters of the Valley CBD Infused OilSisters of the Valley CBD is one of the most unique CBD companies out there, and its CBD infused oil is one of the few products on the market today differentiating CBD oil from CBD tinctures.The company offers both, but be warned if you intend to try their tinctures. They are made with alcohol and can have quite a bite.The CBD-infused oil is made from hemp grown on the farm owned by the Sisters, and they hand-process their products after a full-moon blessing.

Each order is blessed before it is shipped as well.Best CBD Oil for the Planet20. Plant People Drops+ Starter SetPlant People has been expanding its inventory and improving its products since it was founded by two friends who found the supportive properties of CBD to be essential to their wellbeing. We are having such a hard time selecting our favorite of this company’s CBD products, that we decided to recommend the starter set.

It’s a perfect opportunity to sample each of the favorite CBD oils from Plant People, and to figure out which one is your favorite, too. In this set, you get a sample-sized bottle of the formulas dedicated to mind, body, and relief.In addition to making some of the most conscientious CBD products on the planet, Plant People has demonstrated its care for the environment through partnering with the non-profit organization American Forests to plant a tree for every purchase made.21. Søjen Refocus OilSøjen wants to support you in your wellness journey wherever you are, and the company is dedicated to helping everyone have access to opportunities for better self-care.Refocus Oil contains a special blend of French peppermint oil, copaiba oil and hemp extract.

You can purchase it on its own, or as part of a package that includes a yoga mat and virtual yoga lessons. Every time someone buys the package, a portion of the proceeds goes to helping kids in NYC public schools receive a yoga mat and virtual lessons as well. In addition to Søjen’s contribution to the community, the company also pledges to leave a negative carbon footprint by funding reforestation projects all over the world.

Best USDA Certified Organic CBD Oil22. Elixinol Organic Balance TinctureElixinol has been around for a long time, but it has stayed low-key. Instead of spending mega-dollars on advertising, it has let its products speak for themselves.

The Organic Balance CBD oil is just right for people just getting started with CBD, because its dose is pretty low. It is USDA-certified organic, too, which means that it has passed some of the most stringent agricultural and processing guidelines in the world.Elixinol has also been a sponsor to the Realm of Caring, a non-profit dedicated to conducting research, and providing advocacy and access to CBD, for families who have suffered from physical disabilities and illnesses. 23.

Cornbread Hemp’s Distilled CBD OilCornbread Hemp’s Distilled CBD Oil is meant for energizing daytime use. If you are looking for a product that is intended to support relaxation, we recommend also giving this company’s whole plant extract a try. This is another of the few CBD products that is USDA-certified as being organic, and the company’s level of conscientiousness goes far beyond the ecosystem.Cornbread Hemp is dedicated to donating $10,000 to the Last Prisoner Project in 2021.

So when you make a purchase from this company, some of your dollars go to restorative justice. Best CBD Oil for Pets24. Green Gorilla Pure CBD Oil for Dogs and PetsWe haven’t forgotten about your beloved furry friends.

Pets will love the olive oil base, which is meant to be gentle on their stomachs. This CBD-infused oil for dogs and pets from Green Gorilla is a product you know you can trust, because its certified organic ingredients are accurately labeled at just the right dose.With 300 mg of CBD in a convenient spray-bottle, you can give this product to your pets in their water, on their food, or right into their mouths.Green Gorilla was also dedicated to giving back at the beginning of the kamagra, by giving first responders a free bottle of CBD for every bottle their customers had purchased.25. Honest Paws Extra Strength CBD Oil for DogsThis extra strength CBD oil for dogs is formulated to be safe for your bigger pooches that need a little extra love.Honest Paws specializes in making products your pets will love.

This company has quite the variety when it comes to balms, treats, oils, and shampoos for all your four-legged family members.A Few Notes to Keep in Mind as You ShopAs you set about your CBD oil shopping in 2021, remember that you never have to settle for less than the best when it comes to supporting and maintaining your own wellness. Not only are there CBD oil companies out there making amazing and innovative products, you can most definitely find a company that aligns with your values as well.Whether you are concerned about the environment or social justice, there is something in the CBD industry for you.And you don’t have to bust the bank to get the wellness you deserve. While CBD prices can vary wildly, you can find a product that meets your needs without costing a fortune.

Why do CBD prices vary so much?. There are plenty of reasons that CBD from one company may cost one price, and something that seems exactly the same from a different company costs a drastically different amount.One thing to keep in mind is that while some products cost more because a manufacturer is using more expensive products or has invested more in production costs, price does not necessarily indicate quality.Sometimes CBD companies are more concerned with profits than customers, and they may be inflating the price unreasonably. Other CBD companies may import the hemp used to make their CBD.

The expense related to importing raw materials can lead to a higher-priced finished product.Sometimes, however, the higher price is justified. When a company invests a significant amount in developing superior products, its products may be a little more expensive. Companies that have gone through the USDA organic certification process, or companies that use premium ingredients are good examples of companies that have justifiably higher prices.

How to Compare the Cost of Your CBDThere are so many different types of CBD oil out there, and they come in different bottle sizes and concentrations. This makes it difficult to compare one product to another, but it’s nothing a little simple math can’t fix.You want to look at how much a product costs per milligram of CBD it contains. The easiest example to give would be to compare the cost of a 1000 mg bottle of CBD to a 750 mg bottle of CBD.

(These are not intended to reflect an actual product, but to illustrate an example):1000 mg of CBD $100$100/1000 mgCBD costs $0.10/mg750 mg of CBD $55$55/750 mgCBD costs $0.07/mgYou can use this technique even if you are comparing the price of two completely different products, and it is a way to figure out which formats are most cost-effective.Keep in mind that the formula may influence the cost of a CBD product as well. CBD oils that are made with CBD isolate are generally less expensive than oils that are made with a broad or full-spectrum formula. What’s the Difference Between CBD Formulas?.

When you are looking for the right CBD for your needs, it's best to keep the difference between the formulas in mind.CBD Isolate contains only CBD. There are no other cannabinoids present, and it is the least likely formula to contain traces of THC as well.Full-Spectrum CBD is also commonly referred to as whole plant extract. This means that the process makes use of all the beneficial cannabinoids found in the hemp plant including THC (the intoxicating substance found in cannabis plants).

Full-Spectrum CBD may contain anywhere between zero THC, and 0.3 percent THC.Hemp is federally legal, and adults 21 and over have a right to choose whether they want to use CBD that contains up to 0.3 percent THC, as long as it was derived from hemp. Broad Spectrum CBD is the best of both worlds. It contains all the beneficial cannabinoids found in the hemp plant, minus the THC.

In addition to CBD, broad-spectrum CBD may contain CBG, CBN, and CBC, as well as terpenes and other molecules.Is CBD Legal?. CBD was made federally legal by the Farm Bill (also known as the Agricultural Improvement Act) of 2018. It was this bill that officially took hemp off the list of controlled substances.

States are able to create their own laws surrounding hemp and its derivatives, and some may restrict who can purchase and possess CBD, THC concentrations, and formats. It’s a good idea to always check the laws in your state before making any new purchases.How Do I Know if My CBD is Accurately Labeled?. You should always be on the lookout for a certificate of analysis that goes with your product.

This provides confirmation that your CBD oil has been lab-tested, that it is free of contaminants and toxins, and that it has the advertised concentration of cannabinoids.If the company you are shopping with does not display a certificate of analysis on its website, you should still be able to request one by contacting customer service. If you don’t get a response, steer away from the company.You may be tempted to take terpenes lightly, because these fragrant compounds are among the favorite chemicals of marijuana mega-fans and aromatherapy advocates. But their turn in the scientific and medical spotlight may have arrived.

After decades of strong, but inconclusive, evidence of the role of terpenes in the therapeutic effects of medical cannabis, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has been funding research on the medical value of terpenes for the last three years.And with cannabis dispensaries — where legal — jockeying for a competitive edge, cannabis types with unique terpene profiles are providing a deeper, more nuanced experience for recreational cannabis users. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences certainly took terpenes seriously 111 years ago. It awarded the 1910 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Otto Wallach for his work with terpenes.

What Are Terpenes?. Humans primarily experience terpenes as distinctive plant odors. €œThey are the largest class of organic compounds known from plants,” says Andrea Holmes, professor of chemistry and director of cannabis studies at Doane University in Crete, NE and the chief growth officer at the Hudson, CO-based Precision Plant Molecules, which produces compounds found in cannabis.

€œYou can find terpenes in fruits, vegetables, wood and flowers,” she says.Holmes notes that chemists use the terms “terpenoid” and “terpene” for different versions of these compounds, but that only the term “terpene” is widely used in the cannabis world. €œTerpenes are what give cannabis the most of the scent and flavor we know so well,” she says.Ethan Russo, a neurologist who is the founder and CEO of CReDO Science, a company commercializing patented products derived from cannabis, says that terpenes play an ecological role in plants by attracting or repelling insects, deterring hungry plant-eaters and shaking off s of molds or fungi.Their roles as protective chemicals mean that plants often produce the most terpenes when grown under stressful conditions. €œThe best lavender in the world comes from Provence, France, where they have poor, rocky soil,” he notes.

€œA plant under attack from bugs is going to produce more than one of these compounds, which suggests that they work better together.” Russo adds, “There are hundreds of types of cannabis. People get different effects from each of them.” That’s because people react to the different mixtures of chemical compounds found in cannabis plants.Until recently, the research focus in the cannabis world has been on cannabinoids, which are the plant’s dominant biologically active compounds, including delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). But a funny thing happened when synthetic and ultra-pure versions of cannabinoids such as THC and CBD were produced and given to medical patients.

They didn’t have the same therapeutic effects as the “whole plant” version of the chemical.Read more. The 'Father of Cannabis Research' on the Untapped Potential of Marijuana as MedicineSeveral studies of pharmaceutical THC and CBD found that these compounds didn’t work as well alone as they did when administered with other cannabis compounds, Russo says. This led Russo to conclude that other compounds in cannabis, including terpenes, contribute to the therapeutic effect of medical cannabis, and that, “the plant does it better.”The problem is that there haven’t been a lot of clinical studies on the physiological effects of terpenes, although there are more every year.

€œWhat we can say is that experiments support certain of these physiological effects, ideally, in clinical trial work,” Russo says. Meet the TerpenesYou’ll find tens of thousands of terpenes in the world, and scientists have discovered over 200 terpenes in cannabis alone. Still, Holmes says, there are only 16 or so terpenes that are most commonly found in cannabis, and that are most typically tested for when evaluating the properties of a cannabis strain.

In a 2011 study on the interaction of terpenes with cannabinoids in the British Journal of Pharmacology, Russo profiled these terpenes. Limonene, also found in lemon peels, has been studied for its use in relieving anxiety, and activity against acne bacteria.Alpha-pinene, also found in pine trees, has been studied for its use as an anti-inflammatory and for opening up lung passages.Beta-myrcene, also found in hops, has been studied for its use in relieving pain, relaxing muscles, and as a sedative.Beta-caryophyllene, found in black pepper and cinnamon, has been studied for its use as an antimalarial and for protecting stomach cells.Because we experience terpenes mostly as smells, Holmes says beta-caryophyllene is the terpene to know when it comes to cannabis. You could walk blindfolded through her research greenhouses, she says.

€œIt takes just one whiff to know where you are.” That’s the beta-caryophyllene in the cannabis plants.(Credit. About time/Shutterstock)Entourage EffectFor Russo and Holmes, it’s not what terpenes can do alone that’s the draw, but how they can enhance the effects of cannabinoids. €œIt’s like a good marriage,” says Holmes.

€œWhen you partner THC with limonene and pinene, it gives an ‘entourage effect’ that enhances the analgesic effect of THC. When you put them together, one plus one equals 10.”Russo explains that THC is infamous for interrupting short-term memory. Pinene is a memory enhancer, he says, that can counteract that negative effect.

While the entourage effect has gotten a lot of attention from recreational cannabis users seeking a specific experience, he doesn’t want the medical implications to be overlooked.The effective dose of cannabinoids has a very narrow range, he says. Too little and there is no benefit. But too much, and unwanted side effects such as paranoia kick in.

€œTerpenes make the overall mixture more therapeutic. You can increase the dose to get more of a benefit with fewer side effects,” Russo says. More Legal, More Legitimate?.

Holmes feels that both laws and cultural attitudes towards cannabis have stood in the way of more scientific research and more people benefiting from the chemical compounds created by the cannabis plant. Unlike cannabinoids, terpenes are legal in the United States. Plus, she asks, “How can you stigmatize the smell of pine trees?.

€Terpenes have mostly been investigated by aromatherapy practitioners, Russo says, and while there haven’t been a lot of high-quality investigations, they do exist. Researchers such as Ryan Vandrey of Johns Hopkins are conducting the kind of double-blind, controlled studies on terpenoids that change attitudes, Russo believes.Holmes says she first noticed requests for proposals on terpene research from the NIH’s National Center for Complementary and Integrative Medicine in 2018. Now that it’s been three years since that first round of NIH funding, Holmes expects to see published research results soon.Cannabis is a “pharma factory,” Holmes says.

With terpenes, we are beginning to see what this plant has to offer. But it’s only the beginning, she says. There is still a lot to learn about terpenes and about the other organic compounds produced by the cannabis plant that are waiting to be researched and used..

In the midst of an ongoing apocalyptic reality that never seems to http://carolinapoliticalconsulting.com/?page_id=12 end, what’s in your pots where can you buy kamagra and pans might be the last thing on your mind. But now, more than ever, it might be time to take stock of what’s in the kitchen and make sure it’s safe to cook on. In recent months, there’s been an unprecedented where can you buy kamagra return to the home kitchen. In a survey of 1,000 people by the International Food Information Council, half said they were more likely to cook a meal from scratch than they had been at the beginning of the kamagra. Thirty percent where can you buy kamagra said they tried new recipes.

At the same time, a growing number of consumers are seeking cookware that will get the job done and limit their exposure to humanmade industrial chemicals. But how do the different options on store shelves stack up in terms of health, environmental impact, durability, and ease of use?. Discover asked the experts for their advice on picking pots and pans that can cook up delicious food and not add unintended, where can you buy kamagra toxic ingredients to your dish. Suzanne Fenton, a reproductive endocrinologist at the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). J.

Kenji López-Alt, a chef, author of the cooking science book The Food Lab, and chief culinary consultant for Serious Eats. And Olga Naidenko, vice president of science investigations at the Environmental Working Group (EWG), a nonprofit and nonpartisan advocacy organization.Traditional Nonstick (Credit. Iurii Stepanov/Shutterstock)Nonstick is the cooking surface that is probably the most likely to sound alarm bells in consumers’ minds. This kind of coating, known commercially as Teflon, lines metal pans with a tough, synthetic resin to create a slippery surface. Its chemical name is polytetrafluoroethylene, or PTFE.

Historically, it was made using PFOAs, or perfluorooctanoic acids. PFOAs are part of a group of stubborn chemicals that have been linked with health risks like thyroid problems, possible hormone disruption, kidney disease and immune system issues. The FDA worked with companies to phase out the use of PFOAs and other similar chemicals in food-contact applications by 2016. However, similar to in the cosmetics industry, manufacturers don’t have to disclose every ingredient they use in their coatings. PTFE coating, or Teflon, isn’t necessarily dangerous if ingested by accident from scratching or chipping, according to Fenton and Naidenko, though its nonstick properties will weaken if scratched.

What’s more worrisome is when a PTFE nonstick pan is used at a high heat — say, searing a steak or leaving a burner on by accident. Molecular bonds in the coating begin to break down at around 500 degrees, according to a presentation on home chemical coatings by Michael Michalczyk, a chemical consultant. Nonstick coatings can then release dangerous fumes that irritate the respiratory system. According to Naidenko, PTFE coating today is essentially the same as the old versions — just made with much smaller amounts of PFOAs. But she adds that “the risk of it overheating, and harming our lungs — that risk stays.

Those pans should not be overheated [during] their lifetime — that would be a concern.” Both Naidenko and Fenton noted that the health dangers posed by Teflon cookware is a small risk compared to the environmental contamination associated with manufacturing and disposing of these products. According to the EWG, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (or PFAS), a group of chemicals that PFOAs belong to, can be found in the drinking water of many U.S. Cities. PFAS enter the environment from Teflon products breaking down in landfills, and from the production of plastic wrappings, water-repellant items, and things like military firefighting foam. Although the Environmental Protection Agency says this group of chemicals can be incinerated as a way to keep them from other waste streams, Naikendo said that this can cause an air pollution problem for communities where incineration occurs.López-Alt says he rarely uses nonstick cookware, but when he does it’s for low-heat tasks like cooking an omelet, where nonstick has a big advantage.Ceramic (Credit.

Melica/Shutterstock)Some of the most popular new cookware crowding Instagram feeds and online stores are ceramic. These pots and pans boast labels like “PTFE and PFOA-free” or “non-toxic,” and “healthy.” But because they’re a relatively new nonstick alternative, our experts say not as much is known about them in terms of the long-term effects on health and the environment. Pans marketed as “nonstick ceramic” are not made of pottery or clay, however. Pure ceramic cookware that’s closer to pottery does exist, but it’s less common. Instead, many products labeled as ceramic include a metal core with a chemically-combined coating that is sprayed on.

There’s a good chance a ceramic pan has a coating containing silica — the same mineral that sand and silicone are made out of — and various other substances. The viral Always Pan, along with other popular options in the cookware aisle, are made using sol-gel — a wet-chemical process that forms nanoparticles into solid materials and dehydrates them into ceramic or glasslike surfaces. But a downside to ceramic nonstick is that the coating doesn’t last as long as PTFE-based pans. According to Naidenko, because it’s hard to know what the exact contents of these coatings are, “even if one has a pan that has not a lot of PTFE in it, they still should not overheat something” in a ceramic pan. Cast Iron(Credit.

Natashamam/Shutterstock)It might be time to pay more attention to that friend who won’t stop talking about seasoning their cast-iron skillet. That’s because cast iron cookware is one of the most reliable and time-honored materials that can grace your kitchen. Cast iron cookware is quite heavy — which for some might be enough reason to pass on it. But because of its weight and density, cast iron can retain heat much longer than other metals like aluminum. However, it doesn’t distribute its heat very evenly, according to López-Alt.

From a safety perspective, what you see is what you get. Iron alloyed with varying amounts of carbon and silicon, forged into a shape. €œSeasoning” a cast iron pan is the process of adding oil or fat and heating the pan. This creates a reaction with the oil and the iron that forms a somewhat nonstick black layer — a polymer, López-Alt says, which gets built up as it's used. The surface stands up well to most kinds of cooking, and prevents sticking, although acids like tomato and vinegar can break down the coating that forms.

Contrary to popular belief, cast iron can be washed with soap without damaging the surface — but leaving cast iron wet with water can cause it to rust. According to López-Alt, “The whole idea that you can't clean cast iron with soap is just a complete myth that no longer applies,” he says, noting that older soaps containing lye did affect cast iron, but not modern soaps. €œI think people just sort of baby their cast iron much more than they have to.” Small amounts of iron do, in fact, end up in food, but for people prone to iron deficiency, this can actually be a benefit. Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel(Credit. Yevlashkina Anastasiia/Shutterstock)Steel cookware is some of the most common and popular cookware around because of its durability and how well it stores heat energy compared to other metals — a little less than cast iron or copper, but better than others, says López-Alt.

Stainless steel usually has more added materials, like chromium or nickel, and a conductive core like aluminum or copper, while carbon steel is just steel. Carbon steel, which is common for woks and crêpe pans, is more similar to cast iron. It has some nonstick properties and is very durable and heat-resistant, but can also rust. Stainless steel can be put in a dishwasher, unlike carbon steel, and it won’t react with acids as much. But overall, both are scratch-resistant and safe surfaces to cook on.

Fenton favors stainless steel pans, while Lopez-Alt says he prefers his carbon steel cookware, which should be seasoned like cast iron. €œMy real advice would be to learn how to use carbon steel because it's the best,” he says. Aluminum and Anodized Aluminum(Credit. A. Zhuravleva/Shutterstock)Aluminum might comprise a whole pan, be mixed with other metals, or make up a layer within the pan.

It’s less dense than metals like steel or iron, so it doesn’t retain heat very well. This means that it can cool down quickly, but it does conduct — or transfer — heat very well, making it a popular addition to pans made with other metals. According to López-Alt, chefs in restaurants often use aluminum pans because their industrial burners can maintain stronger heat than a typical home kitchen stove. Anodization gives aluminum a very hard, non-corrosive surface. Anodized aluminum is made with an electrolytic process that makes it much harder and smooth — the one downside is that you can’t put these kinds of pans in the dishwasher or you risk ruining the surface, according to the book Things Cooks Love, by Marie Simmons.

While there has been inconclusive research on links between aluminum and Alzheimer's, aluminum cookware is currently not considered to be a health risk. The CDC says that while aluminum cookware can transfer aluminum into foods, especially acidic ones, “aluminum levels found in processed foods and foods cooked in aluminum pots are generally considered to be safe.”Copper (Credit. FabrikaSimf/Shutterstock)Copper is favored by professional chefs for its superior conductivity, which means it heats up quickly and evenly. But copper should not come into contact with food on its own, because it can react with acidic ingredients like wine, fruit juice, or vinegar and leach into food, according to the FDA’s 2017 Food Code. €œWhile copper is very good because of its heating properties, too much copper is not good for the body, especially for children,” says Naidenko.

€œIt can even cause things like diarrhea and nausea.” Many copper pots or pans are lined with a metal like tin or stainless steel for this reason. Tin can wear more easily than steel, so if you have an old tin-lined copper pot, or if you spot one at a yard sale for a good price, Naidenko said it’s a good idea to look for scratches. Copper also can be quite expensive and can oxidize in damp air, leaving a green discoloration. Takeaways From the Experts(Credit. Ekkapop Sittiwantana/Shutterstock)Each type of cookware comes with some advantages and drawbacks.

A general rule of thumb is to choose cookware that works well for your needs, and steer clear of products if the materials aren’t clearly defined. You can’t go wrong with basic heavy cookware that is durable and long-lasting. But note that even nonstick cookware has its place in modern kitchens and can be reserved for preparing delicate dishes that are prone to sticking. If you have the means and must replace a pot or pan, consider cookware that will stand the test of time. And know that even if the materials are considered safe for humans at home, they could become environmental hazards when they break down in landfills at the end of their life.

As Fenton said, “If you're going to invest in cookware, you might as well go for something that's going to be a little bit safer and last you a little bit longer.” And no matter which type of pan you choose, the safest pan for your health may come down to how you wield it in the kitchen. €œI think pretty much all the cookware out there right now is pretty safe, as long as you take care of it,” she says.Citizen Science Salon is a partnership between Discover and SciStarter.org. The future of individualized medicine may depend on an army of one million volunteers. And scientists want you to get involved. Researchers with the National Institutes of Health are recruiting citizen scientists to enlist in a study of unprecedented scope and depth.

The program, called All of Us, promises to take personal data from a diverse cross-section of volunteers and turn it into groundbreaking insights about the complex roles our genes, lifestyles and environments play in our health. €œBy studying people longitudinally over time, we’re able to see diseases arise,” says Sheri Schully, the All of Us program’s acting chief medical and scientific officer.In return for completing surveys and offering up biological samples, the program will send participants personalized results about everything from their ancestry to their genetic predisposition for certain diseases. It’s also free to join. And last month, All of Us sent participants back the first set of genetic results. Take Part.

Join the National Institutes of Health’s All of Us Program‘The Right Treatment at the Right Time’In January of 2015, President Barack Obama stood in front of the country during the State of the Union and offered a bold vision for accelerating research. A research program then called the Precision Medicine Initiative would recruit at least one million people from across the United States and study them, leading to rapid advances in drug discovery and customized treatments for patients based on personal data.“I want the country that eliminated polio and mapped the human genome to lead a new era of medicine — one that delivers the right treatment at the right time,” Obama told the nation. He added that the project could bring us closer to curing diseases like cancer and diabetes, while offering people access to personal information that could help them stay healthy. Five years later, NIH has already enrolled hundreds of thousands of participants, and last month, those volunteers started receiving the first results from their genetic samples. But the project still has a long way to go to reach one million people.

And with the approach of Citizen Science Month in April, they’re calling on volunteers from around the country to get involved in not only All of Us, but also a group of featured citizen science projects and events produced with global and national partners like SciStarter, Arizona State University, Science Friday and National Geographic. €œThe power of citizen science is the massive impact that is made by everyday people, individually and collectively,” says Darlene Cavalier, founder of SciStarter and a professor of practice at the School for the Future of Innovation in Society at Arizona State University. €œOnline and virtual events during Citizen Science Month will help introduce thousands of people to citizen science and help them find ways to act upon issues they are curious or concerned about, individually or as a community.”The NIH has now enrolled hundreds of thousands of volunteers, and participants have now started to receive the first results from their genetic samples. (Credit. All of Us/NIH)Kickstarting Precision MedicineParticipants with All of Us start by taking a survey about their lifestyle, family history and more.

Then, they can agree to share their health records with researchers and offer up blood and urine samples, as well as physical measurements like height, weight and heart rate. Participants can even share daily personal health data from smart devices like a Fitbit. The data is stripped of all personal identifiers, but this granular level of detail, when monitored over time, can give researchers a real-time look at the ways diseases arise. It’s all part of what researchers call precision medicine. Precision medicine stands in contrast to the current one-size-fits-all approach to disease treatment used by doctors around the world.

But if medical professionals could better understand their patients at an individual level, doctors could predict the best possible treatment for a particular disease. €œ[Precision medicine] is understanding what a person is experiencing and what’s going on inside and outside their body in relation to disease,” Schully says. €œIt’s really evaluating a person holistically. What are they eating?. What’s their lifestyle like?.

And what kind of job do they have?. Precision medicine to us doesn't just mean targeted treatment, it means targeted prevention.”A Holistic Look at erectile dysfunction treatment’s ImpactResearchers are already studying the database. And it’s even giving them new insights into erectile dysfunction treatment. Back before the kamagra started, All of Us was enrolling about 3,000 people every week. Eventually, the erectile dysfunction forced them to temporarily pause that enrollment.

But when researchers went back and studied the 24,000 blood samples they’d collected between late 2019 and early 2020, they found some surprises. At the time, researchers didn’t know erectile dysfunction treatment was spreading in communities around the country. Yet a significant number of the blood samples All of Us collected showed signs of erectile dysfunction treatment antibodies, meaning that the disease was spreading in many states well before health officials realized. Researchers with the project recently published those results in the New England Journal of Medicine. Meanwhile, All of Us has also been asking participants about erectile dysfunction treatment symptoms via a survey sent out last May.

The survey included broad erectile dysfunction treatment-related questions, including inquiries about people’s mental well-being and whether they’d lost their job. The initial results of that work were released to researchers in December, and they offer a detailed look at how erectile dysfunction treatment is affecting families and communities. Among other things, All of Us heard back that people are suffering long-term heart defects and breathing effects, problems that medical professionals have seen elsewhere. Armed with this data, the program hopes they can monitor these lingering health problems over time. It’s a sort of holistic look that has been part of the program’s mission since the start.

An All of Us staff member measures a participant’s height. (Credit. All of Us/NH)A Truly Diverse DatasetOther large projects have collected genetic databases aimed at advancing disease diagnosis and treatment, but All of Us stands out for its staggering size and its mission. Researchers aren’t just studying people’s DNA, All of Us is putting its participants at the epicenter of their program. The community helps make decisions, with volunteers even sitting on governing boards, deciding how data can be used.

If that aim wasn’t lofty enough, All of Us is also after a diverse cross-section of the American public, including people from diverse ethnic and economic backgrounds, as well as a mix of rural and urban residents. That’s something other studies have long struggled with. The project’s leaders say that most of modern medicine has been biased toward studying people with European ancestry, leaving other segments of the population underrepresented in research. And as an incentive to get one million people involved, the project will also share genetic information with its participants, including things like ancestry and whether they’re at an increased risk for disease. €œNever before have we really put the participant at the center of the study and really valued the back and forth, giving them what matters to them,” Schully says.

€œWe really want to be a catalyst for change in how things are done in science.”Insights into Disease PredispositionIn December, they started returning those first individual ancestry and genetic trait results to volunteers. €œParticipants are our most important partners in this effort, and we know many of them are eager to get their genetic results and learn about the science they’re making possible,” All of Us chief executive officer Josh Denny said in an announcement. €œWe’re working to provide that valuable information in a responsible way.”Later this year, All of Us plans to start telling interested participants about how their DNA could affect their body’s response to certain drugs, or even about genes that could increase their risk of a variety of diseases like cancer. Those results will be paired with counseling to help people understand the implications of their DNA profile. And, like everything with the program, the personal data will be tightly protected.

€œIt's a huge milestone for our project,” Schully says. €œReturning results on this level has never been done before.”And people who get involved throughout the year — including during Citizen Science Month — can look forward to learning more about their family’s ancestry and genetic predispositions. Citizen Science Month is all about turning curiosity into impact, and what better way than with a project that could help you better understand yourself while helping researchers better understand human health at large?. You can join the All of Us program by visiting joinallofus.org/nlm.Your digestive system plays host to a mind-boggling 100 trillion microbes — microscopic pinch-hitters that allow you to absorb energy from your food and churn out compounds like serotonin, which affect your mental well-being. While some of these microbes take up residence in your gut from birth, others emerge or wane depending on the lifestyle choices you make.New research suggests that if you exercise, take antidepressants or use cannabis, your gut-bacterial balance may shift profoundly.

But scientists still face a so-called black box conundrum. They’re not always sure what biological processes cause these microbial shifts or how the shifts affect other body functions. Planned larger-scale studies promise to deepen experts’ understanding of the bacterial changes your daily habits usher in, as well as the long-term health implications.Exercise to ColonizeNot only does regular exercise boost your overall well-being, it also swells the ranks of gut bacteria that promote a healthy metabolism, says Satu Pekkala, a bacteriologist at Finland’s University of Jyväskylä. In a 2018 study, Pekkala and his colleagues recruited 17 overweight women who participated in three endurance exercise sessions each week for six weeks. The women rode an exercise bike that adjusted workout intensity so that riders stayed at about 85% of their maximum heart rate.The team had participants collect stool samples before and after the six-week training period, then sequenced DNA from these samples to detect changes in the women’s gut bacteria.

After the training regimen, the women had higher levels of gut bacteria from the genus Akkermansia — a bacterial group tied to improved metabolic function — than they had before. They also had lower levels of Proteobacteria, a genus linked to inflammation in the body.Pekkala has secured approval to conduct another study that examines bacteria-produced molecules to explore what biological role Akkermansia and Proteobacteria might play in the gut — and how Akkermansia abundance might affect the body’s ability to burn fat stores. €œNot everybody loses fat mass even if they exercise,” Pekkala says. €œIt’s important to know how the metabolic functions [of gut bacteria] affect fat loss.” The Cannabis ConnectionPlenty of research shows that marijuana compounds reduce disease-related inflammation, and, according to a 2019 study, these compounds’ effects on gut bacteria might explain some of their anti-inflammatory properties.In exploring possible treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (MS), University of South Carolina researchers treated mice that had a similar condition with molecules like delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD).The mice showed fewer signs of inflammation after the cannabis treatment — and an analysis showed that gut-bacterial shifts were likely responsible, at least in part. Before treatment, the mice had high levels of the bacterial species Akkermansia muciniphila, which produces compounds called lipopolysaccharides that are linked to brain inflammation.

After treatment, mice had lower levels of this species in their guts and lower levels of lipopolysaccharides in their brains. Future studies may show whether cannabis can spur similar gut-bacterial and brain changes in humans with MS.Gut CheckAn antidepressant that millions of Americans take may alter their gut-bacterial mix as well as their mental outlook, University of California-Los Angeles researchers say. In a 2019 study, the UCLA team added fluoxetine (Prozac) to a tube with a common gut bacterial species called Turicibacter sanguinis, which normally tells intestinal cells to produce more serotonin — a neurotransmitter that affects mood. After the team put in fluoxetine, the bacteria transported less serotonin than it had before. Further experiments showed that mice dosed with fluoxetine had lower gut levels of Turicibacter than other mice.These results suggest that Turicibacter populations fluctuate in the presence of drugs like fluoxetine that modify serotonin levels.

Next, the UCLA team plans to tease out the molecular mechanisms that reveal just how fluoxetine affects certain gut bacteria — and how that might influence the way the drug works in the brain and the rest of the body. €œThere’s variation in how effective fluoxetine is for different people,” says UCLA microbiologist Jonathan Lynch. €œSomething like the interaction with the microbiome might be mediating that.”Future studies of these gut-brain interactions could allow a personalized-medicine approach that identifies people who are good candidates to respond to drugs like fluoxetine, Lynch says. Someday, based on your gut microbe profile, doctors might be able to tell you which antidepressants will work for you and which ones you shouldn’t even try.This article contains affiliate links to products. Discover may receive a commission for purchases made through these links.

CBD enthusiasts know that the best CBD oil is made with naturally grown hemp. It has accurate labeling, comes with a certificate of analysis, and the companies that make it are absolutely transparent.But let’s face it, we all need a little something extra after the year that we’ve had. The changes and challenges that came with 2020 mean that we are all looking for companies and products that offer more than just what it takes to get by. CBD oils are no exception. We know you want CBD oils that are made by companies that aim to support you in your mission to thrive.

Not just survive.In addition to creating the best CBD oils you can find, the companies mentioned here are doing their part to make the world a better where can i buy kamagra place.This year, we have selected CBD oils that are made by great, tried-and-true classic companies that you have probably heard of over and over again. However, we are also focusing on including oils from companies that are doing great things. You may have never heard of some of the CBD oils listed here, but you will by the end of 2021. They are quickly rising to the top, working hard to give back to their communities and the environment, and many are owed by women and people of color. When you purchase one of the best 25 CBD oils for 2021, you are making a sound investment in supporting your wellness and the world around you.

Every CBD oil listed here is made with pure quality ingredients, and they are backed by the integrity of companies that care.We’ve also made sure to include some excellent bargains here too, because who doesn’t love a great deal?. You don’t have to break the bank to get high-quality CBD oil, you just need to know where to shop.Best Overall CBD Oil1. Penguin’s Broad Spectrum CBD OilExcellent ValuePenguin CBD oil may be one of the newer kids on the block, but this company wins our pick for best all-around CBD oil because of its commitment to your wellness and the environment.Fortunately, the care for these two things goes hand-in-hand, with sustainable farming practices that result in a CBD oil that you can count on every single day.Need a morning boost?. Penguin CBD’s broad-spectrum CBD has all the benefits of additional cannabinoids found in the hemp plant, with all the THC removed.Tired of the typical mid-afternoon blahs?. Give yourself a lift with Penguin’s citrus-flavored CBD.

Ready to relax after a long day?. Squeeze a dropperful of Penguin’s mint-flavored CBD into your chamomile tea to unwind before bed.The variety of flavors and concentrations is one of our favorite things about Penguin’s CBD oil. Choose from five flavors and four strengths at prices you can afford. If you need help choosing your next purchase, Penguin’s customer support line has real people on the other end. Just send them an email, and they are ready to make sure you are totally confident and satisfied with your selection.The cheerful packaging and adorable mascot are just a hint at what’s to come when you try Penguin CBD.In addition to everything Penguin does to support the environment and your wellness, the company also supports our military personnel by offering a discount on the products they need to maintain their health.

Penguin CBD is a company that cares about everyone equally, which is why it’s at the top of our list for 2021.Best Full-Spectrum CBD Oil2. Verma FarmsOne of the top brands in CBD out, Verma Farms has been winning awards left and right for the past couple of years, with 2021 as no exception.What Verma does well provides a solution that helps set the standard for how CBD oils should go. Starting out with very intent-driven oils like Focus, Chill, and Boost, they began diversifying their lineup to include more fruit-flavored varieties as well, such as Lemon Lime, Pineapple, Strawberry, Watermelon, Mango, and Peach. As all of them use natural, vegan ingredients, they’ve stripped down their offering to host only the standards but doing it well, sourcing all their oil’s materials from inside the US.An overall great brand, Verma Farms is an easy number one for any CBD fan out there, no matter how much they’ve done.3. NuLeaf Naturals Full-Spectrum CBD OilYou may have never heard of NuLeaf Naturals before, but this company has been perfecting its full-spectrum CBD oil since the early days.

NuLeaf makes only one concentration of CBD oil, and it is not flavored. However, you can order it in a number of different sizes. You no longer have to worry about running out before the month is out when you can order bottles as large as 3.38 ounces!. NuLeaf takes the importance of wellness seriously, and it makes sure that those who need the support of CBD most get it. It offers deep discounts to frontline workers, military personnel, teachers, students, people on long-term disability, lower-income households and more.

4. Charlotte’s Web Original FormulaExcellent ValueA classic CBD oil that helped fuel the beginning of an industry, Charlotte’s Web’s Original Formula CBD oil was formulated out of a passion to help others. Every CBD enthusiast should give this whole-plant formula a try. Gently extracted with alcohol, the original formula intends to keep all the healthy properties in the hemp plant and packs them into a full spectrum oil you can take every day.We love that Charlotte’s Web keeps getting better, too. The company just earned a B Corp certification, meaning it is recognized as a leader in its concern for its customers, its employees, the environment, and its level of transparency.

5. Spruce Maximum Potency CBD TinctureWe love Spruce’s Maximum Potency 2,400 mg Tincture because it is made by a family-owned company that cares deeply about helping its customers maintain their health and wellness.You’ll sometimes even see the Spencer family packing shipments themselves, working hard to get the CBD you love delivered to your door as quickly as possible.The hemp used is grown on family-owned farms, and is extracted using Kentucky moonshine (don’t worry, all traces are gone by the time the finished product is bottled). The result is a formula Spruce is proud of.The company boasts a full-spectrum CBD oil that has a high concentration of all the beneficial cannabinoids found in hemp, with a very low concentration of THC.Best CBD Oil for Giving Back to the Community6. Endoca THC-Free Chocolate Mint CBD OilExcellent ValueThis is one of Endoca's first flavored CBD oils, and it has one of the highest concentrations available today. Free of THC, the super-strength CBD oil is also super affordable.

It has 5 mg of CBD per drop, and 150 mg per dropperful.The Endoca Foundation was developed in order to spread its mission for wellness around the world, and people with disabilities and those who live in low-income households can now benefit from a 50 percent discount on CBD products that help maintain your health.In addition to the discount program for customers in need, Endoca has established programs that are committed to helping people obtain nutritional wellness.7. Lazarus Naturals 1:1 CBG. CBD TinctureExcellent ValueLazarus Naturals is an employee-owned company that is committed to keeping the benefits of hemp affordable, effective, safe, and all-natural.When you’re looking for an energizing kick, this CBG/CBD tincture is just the thing you need. CBG is another cannabinoid found in hemp and combining it with CBD is thought to have additional wellness effects.The prices at Lazarus Naturals are already low, but the company offers a support discount program for those who are disabled, or who live in households with low incomes. People who qualify get a full 60 percent off on the CBD products they need.8.

Flora’s Mercantile CBD Isolate TinctureExcellent ValueWith 2,000 mg of CBD isolate in a 30 mL bottle, Flora’s Mercantile CBD Isolate Drops are some of the most potent, pure CBD oil drops you can find. Owner and founder, Chris Bedrosian has committed to sharing her profits throughout the erectile dysfunction treatment crisis, by giving away this particular formula to anyone who can prove they are employed as a nurse, or any other hospital or frontline worker. When times get tough, Flora’s Mercantile steps up and offers the kind of support we all need right now. You can also find relaxing teas that are made with different botanical ingredients including hemp, and everything the company makes is “tested, trusted, and guaranteed.”Best CBD With a Kick9. Bluebird Botanicals Uplift CBG + CBD OilBluebird Botanicals is another one of the classic trailblazing companies on our list.

This company was founded with the mission of bringing us all into a closer relationship with the earth, ourselves, and each other, through its products.The company’s latest energizing formula—a combination of CBG in addition to CBD—is meant to give you that extra boost in your day. Bluebird is a B Corp certified company, and its concern for the environment and community are apparent in everything it does. Its products are certified as being glyphosate-free, they all have a Leaping Bunny certification, and everything the company makes is vegan as well. 10. Medterra’s Ultra Broad Spectrum CBD OilExcellent ValueMedterra makes some of the best CBD oil on the market, and at great prices.

Functionality and affordability are the key with Medterra’s Ultra Broad Spectrum CBD Oil, which is what we love about it.This is one of the best broad-spectrum formulas we’ve seen. The Ultra Broad Spectrum™ oil has all the benefits of a whole-plant extract, with all the THC removed. Medterra is conscientious and careful in everything it makes, while supplying excellent variety to keep its shoppers coming back. It also offers discounts to people in the military and those who have a disability.Best CBD Oil from Companies Owned by People of Color11. Brown Girl Jane Balance Wellness DropsExcellent ValueBrown Girl Jane is dedicated to supporting the wellness of Black women everywhere, and a portion of the revenue from each purchase you make goes to this end.

The company is owned by Black women who are respected leaders in their communities and committed to contributing to the diversification of the hemp and CBD industries.The quality hemp used to make the company’s Balance oil is grown in the United States, and Brown Girl Jane pledges to make only the best CBD oil and other products.12. Buena Botanicals CBD ElixirThe pair of set sisters who founded Buena Botanicals wanted to “create a business seeded in our common passion for holistic healing, community, self-determination, plant medicine, and love for Mama Earth.”That’s exactly what has come through with this company’s products, and supporting this company is supporting the community it aims to create as well. With Buena Botanicals, you don’t have to worry about getting too much CBD at a time, because its concentrations are a little on the lower side, just right for beginners.13. Lion X Wellness CBD IsolateWe don’t have many CBD isolates on our list, but we think this one is pretty great. It’s an oil you can take every day, and its flavor is light and mild.Nico Marley (yes, related to Bob Marley) started this CBD company with a goal to "heal our communities through their mind, body, and soul."All of Lion X’s products are vegan friendly, made with natural sustainable ingredients, and you can count on them to be made in the United States.

14. Noirebud Balance DropsCarolyn Gray founded Noirebud to pay homage to Black communities and offer a luxury brand that everyone can trust. Noirebud products are all-natural and vegan, and these Balance Drops are a perfect way to inspire some much-needed you-time.Take a moment to stop worrying about everyone else’s problems and get yourself the wellness you deserve.Best CBD Oil from Women-Owned Companies15. Kat’s Naturals Kat’s Craft Collection Full-Spectrum CBD OilThis company has helped farmers transform their tobacco fields into hemp fields, employed people from its own backyard, and expanded access to a variety of wellness products to satisfied customers all over the globe.Kat’s Naturals have been focused on helping its local Tennessee community thrive since its beginnings, and now you can reap the benefits in this limited-edition CBD oil.Kat’s Craft Collection is described as “hemp in a bottle,” with all the supportive components of the Tennessee-1 strain of locally grown hemp. It comes in a gorgeous bottle hand-designed by a local Tennessee artist, and the 2000 mg of CBD is intended to last customers four months.16.

Ohana Night Repair Face OilAll kinds of CBD oils are made for wellness from the inside out. Ohana’s products are made for wellness to help you glow on the outside, too. The company’s integrity and quality start with the fact that it was founded by a woman who used CBD for support and maintenance as she dealt with multiple sclerosis.She wanted everyone to experience some of the same benefits she experienced, and that’s what inspired her to create a company that focused on skincare.The Night Repair Face Serum is one of our favorites because it has a relaxing lavender scent that’s perfect for when you’re headed off to bed. The serum does its work overnight, keeping your skin fresh and moisturized while you rest. 17.

Onyx + Rose Pure Bloom Chocolate Coconut Broad-Spectrum CBD OilExcellent ValueWe love this picture-perfect CBD oil brand not only because it’s completely Instagram-ready, but also because of its unique, delicious flavors that were made with both your wellness and your delight in mind.This woman-owned company focuses on creating sustainable products with high-quality hemp. Its broad-spectrum CBD formulas also contain CBG, CBN, and CBC, and they are completely free of THC.The company also offers a full-spectrum CBD oil as well as other products, and the prices are just as pretty as the packaging. 18. Joy Organics Organic Full Spectrum CBD Oil TinctureJoy Organics was founded by Joy Smith and her family, and they still run the company today. Joy Organics is one of the most trusted companies out there.

It is easy to see why they have this reputation, given their high level of transparency and clear focus on quality.It can be exceptionally challenging to get an organic certification for CBD products, but Joy has made the investment in order to show its customers just how much it cares.All of this company’s certified organic products have met stringent USDA guidelines for all of the ingredients used to make them. They are cruelty-free and Hemp Roundtable certified as well. 19. Sisters of the Valley CBD Infused OilSisters of the Valley CBD is one of the most unique CBD companies out there, and its CBD infused oil is one of the few products on the market today differentiating CBD oil from CBD tinctures.The company offers both, but be warned if you intend to try their tinctures. They are made with alcohol and can have quite a bite.The CBD-infused oil is made from hemp grown on the farm owned by the Sisters, and they hand-process their products after a full-moon blessing.

Each order is blessed before it is shipped as well.Best CBD Oil for the Planet20. Plant People Drops+ Starter SetPlant People has been expanding its inventory and improving its products since it was founded by two friends who found the supportive properties of CBD to be essential to their wellbeing. We are having such a hard time selecting our favorite of this company’s CBD products, that we decided to recommend the starter set. It’s a perfect opportunity to sample each of the favorite CBD oils from Plant People, and to figure out which one is your favorite, too. In this set, you get a sample-sized bottle of the formulas dedicated to mind, body, and relief.In addition to making some of the most conscientious CBD products on the planet, Plant People has demonstrated its care for the environment through partnering with the non-profit organization American Forests to plant a tree for every purchase made.21.

Søjen Refocus OilSøjen wants to support you in your wellness journey wherever you are, and the company is dedicated to helping everyone have access to opportunities for better self-care.Refocus Oil contains a special blend of French peppermint oil, copaiba oil and hemp extract. You can purchase it on its own, or as part of a package that includes a yoga mat and virtual yoga lessons. Every time someone buys the package, a portion of the proceeds goes to helping kids in NYC public schools receive a yoga mat and virtual lessons as well. In addition to Søjen’s contribution to the community, the company also pledges to leave a negative carbon footprint by funding reforestation projects all over the world. Best USDA Certified Organic CBD Oil22.

Elixinol Organic Balance TinctureElixinol has been around for a long time, but it has stayed low-key. Instead of spending mega-dollars on advertising, it has let its products speak for themselves. The Organic Balance CBD oil is just right for people just getting started with CBD, because its dose is pretty low. It is USDA-certified organic, too, which means that it has passed some of the most stringent agricultural and processing guidelines in the world.Elixinol has also been a sponsor to the Realm of Caring, a non-profit dedicated to conducting research, and providing advocacy and access to CBD, for families who have suffered from physical disabilities and illnesses. 23.

Cornbread Hemp’s Distilled CBD OilCornbread Hemp’s Distilled CBD Oil is meant for energizing daytime use. If you are looking for a product that is intended to support relaxation, we recommend also giving this company’s whole plant extract a try. This is another of the few CBD products that is USDA-certified as being organic, and the company’s level of conscientiousness goes far beyond the ecosystem.Cornbread Hemp is dedicated to donating $10,000 to the Last Prisoner Project in 2021. So when you make a purchase from this company, some of your dollars go to restorative justice. Best CBD Oil for Pets24.

Green Gorilla Pure CBD Oil for Dogs and PetsWe haven’t forgotten about your beloved furry friends. Pets will love the olive oil base, which is meant to be gentle on their stomachs. This CBD-infused oil for dogs and pets from Green Gorilla is a product you know you can trust, because its certified organic ingredients are accurately labeled at just the right dose.With 300 mg of CBD in a convenient spray-bottle, you can give this product to your pets in their water, on their food, or right into their mouths.Green Gorilla was also dedicated to giving back at the beginning of the kamagra, by giving first responders a free bottle of CBD for every bottle their customers had purchased.25. Honest Paws Extra Strength CBD Oil for DogsThis extra strength CBD oil for dogs is formulated to be safe for your bigger pooches that need a little extra love.Honest Paws specializes in making products your pets will love. This company has quite the variety when it comes to balms, treats, oils, and shampoos for all your four-legged family members.A Few Notes to Keep in Mind as You ShopAs you set about your CBD oil shopping in 2021, remember that you never have to settle for less than the best when it comes to supporting and maintaining your own wellness.

Not only are there CBD oil companies out there making amazing and innovative products, you can most definitely find a company that aligns with your values as well.Whether you are concerned about the environment or social justice, there is something in the CBD industry for you.And you don’t have to bust the bank to get the wellness you deserve. While CBD prices can vary wildly, you can find a product that meets your needs without costing a fortune. Why do CBD prices vary so much?. There are plenty of reasons that CBD from one company may cost one price, and something that seems exactly the same from a different company costs a drastically different amount.One thing to keep in mind is that while some products cost more because a manufacturer is using more expensive products or has invested more in production costs, price does not necessarily indicate quality.Sometimes CBD companies are more concerned with profits than customers, and they may be inflating the price unreasonably. Other CBD companies may import the hemp used to make their CBD.

The expense related to importing raw materials can lead to a higher-priced finished product.Sometimes, however, the higher price is justified. When a company invests a significant amount in developing superior products, its products may be a little more expensive. Companies that have gone through the USDA organic certification process, or companies that use premium ingredients are good examples of companies that have justifiably higher prices. How to Compare the Cost of Your CBDThere are so many different types of CBD oil out there, and they come in different bottle sizes and concentrations. This makes it difficult to compare one product to another, but it’s nothing a little simple math can’t fix.You want to look at how much a product costs per milligram of CBD it contains.

The easiest example to give would be to compare the cost of a 1000 mg bottle of CBD to a 750 mg bottle of CBD. (These are not intended to reflect an actual product, but to illustrate an example):1000 mg of CBD $100$100/1000 mgCBD costs $0.10/mg750 mg of CBD $55$55/750 mgCBD costs $0.07/mgYou can use this technique even if you are comparing the price of two completely different products, and it is a way to figure out which formats are most cost-effective.Keep in mind that the formula may influence the cost of a CBD product as well. CBD oils that are made with CBD isolate are generally less expensive than oils that are made with a broad or full-spectrum formula. What’s the Difference Between CBD Formulas?. When you are looking for the right CBD for your needs, it's best to keep the difference between the formulas in mind.CBD Isolate contains only CBD.

There are no other cannabinoids present, and it is the least likely formula to contain traces of THC as well.Full-Spectrum CBD is also commonly referred to as whole plant extract. This means that the process makes use of all the beneficial cannabinoids found in the hemp plant including THC (the intoxicating substance found in cannabis plants). Full-Spectrum CBD may contain anywhere between zero THC, and 0.3 percent THC.Hemp is federally legal, and adults 21 and over have a right to choose whether they want to use CBD that contains up to 0.3 percent THC, as long as it was derived from hemp. Broad Spectrum CBD is the best of both worlds. It contains all the beneficial cannabinoids found in the hemp plant, minus the THC.

In addition to CBD, broad-spectrum CBD may contain CBG, CBN, and CBC, as well as terpenes and other molecules.Is CBD Legal?. CBD was made federally legal by the Farm Bill (also known as the Agricultural Improvement Act) of 2018. It was this bill that officially took hemp off the list of controlled substances. States are able to create their own laws surrounding hemp and its derivatives, and some may restrict who can purchase and possess CBD, THC concentrations, and formats. It’s a good idea to always check the laws in your state before making any new purchases.How Do I Know if My CBD is Accurately Labeled?.

You should always be on the lookout for a certificate of analysis that goes with your product. This provides confirmation that your CBD oil has been lab-tested, that it is free of contaminants and toxins, and that it has the advertised concentration of cannabinoids.If the company you are shopping with does not display a certificate of analysis on its website, you should still be able to request one by contacting customer service. If you don’t get a response, steer away from the company.You may be tempted to take terpenes lightly, because these fragrant compounds are among the favorite chemicals of marijuana mega-fans and aromatherapy advocates. But their turn in the scientific and medical spotlight may have arrived. After decades of strong, but inconclusive, evidence of the role of terpenes in the therapeutic effects of medical cannabis, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has been funding research on the medical value of terpenes for the last three years.And with cannabis dispensaries — where legal — jockeying for a competitive edge, cannabis types with unique terpene profiles are providing a deeper, more nuanced experience for recreational cannabis users.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences certainly took terpenes seriously 111 years ago. It awarded the 1910 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Otto Wallach for his work with terpenes. What Are Terpenes?. Humans primarily experience terpenes as distinctive plant odors. €œThey are the largest class of organic compounds known from plants,” says Andrea Holmes, professor of chemistry and director of cannabis studies at Doane University in Crete, NE and the chief growth officer at the Hudson, CO-based Precision Plant Molecules, which produces compounds found in cannabis.

€œYou can find terpenes in fruits, vegetables, wood and flowers,” she says.Holmes notes that chemists use the terms “terpenoid” and “terpene” for different versions of these compounds, but that only the term “terpene” is widely used in the cannabis world. €œTerpenes are what give cannabis the most of the scent and flavor we know so well,” she says.Ethan Russo, a neurologist who is the founder and CEO of CReDO Science, a company commercializing patented products derived from cannabis, says that terpenes play an ecological role in plants by attracting or repelling insects, deterring hungry plant-eaters and shaking off s of molds or fungi.Their roles as protective chemicals mean that plants often produce the most terpenes when grown under stressful conditions. €œThe best lavender in the world comes from Provence, France, where they have poor, rocky soil,” he notes. €œA plant under attack from bugs is going to produce more than one of these compounds, which suggests that they work better together.” Russo adds, “There are hundreds of types of cannabis. People get different effects from each of them.” That’s because people react to the different mixtures of chemical compounds found in cannabis plants.Until recently, the research focus in the cannabis world has been on cannabinoids, which are the plant’s dominant biologically active compounds, including delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD).

But a funny thing happened when synthetic and ultra-pure versions of cannabinoids such as THC and CBD were produced and given to medical patients. They didn’t have the same therapeutic effects as the “whole plant” version of the chemical.Read more. The 'Father of Cannabis Research' on the Untapped Potential of Marijuana as MedicineSeveral studies of pharmaceutical THC and CBD found that these compounds didn’t work as well alone as they did when administered with other cannabis compounds, Russo says. This led Russo to conclude that other compounds in cannabis, including terpenes, contribute to the therapeutic effect of medical cannabis, and that, “the plant does it better.”The problem is that there haven’t been a lot of clinical studies on the physiological effects of terpenes, although there are more every year. €œWhat we can say is that experiments support certain of these physiological effects, ideally, in clinical trial work,” Russo says.

Meet the TerpenesYou’ll find tens of thousands of terpenes in the world, and scientists have discovered over 200 terpenes in cannabis alone. Still, Holmes says, there are only 16 or so terpenes that are most commonly found in cannabis, and that are most typically tested for when evaluating the properties of a cannabis strain. In a 2011 study on the interaction of terpenes with cannabinoids in the British Journal of Pharmacology, Russo profiled these terpenes. Limonene, also found in lemon peels, has been studied for its use in relieving anxiety, and activity against acne bacteria.Alpha-pinene, also found in pine trees, has been studied for its use as an anti-inflammatory and for opening up lung passages.Beta-myrcene, also found in hops, has been studied for its use in relieving pain, relaxing muscles, and as a sedative.Beta-caryophyllene, found in black pepper and cinnamon, has been studied for its use as an antimalarial and for protecting stomach cells.Because we experience terpenes mostly as smells, Holmes says beta-caryophyllene is the terpene to know when it comes to cannabis. You could walk blindfolded through her research greenhouses, she says.

€œIt takes just one whiff to know where you are.” That’s the beta-caryophyllene in the cannabis plants.(Credit. About time/Shutterstock)Entourage EffectFor Russo and Holmes, it’s not what terpenes can do alone that’s the draw, but how they can enhance the effects of cannabinoids. €œIt’s like a good marriage,” says Holmes. €œWhen you partner THC with limonene and pinene, it gives an ‘entourage effect’ that enhances the analgesic effect of THC. When you put them together, one plus one equals 10.”Russo explains that THC is infamous for interrupting short-term memory.

Pinene is a memory enhancer, he says, that can counteract that negative effect. While the entourage effect has gotten a lot of attention from recreational cannabis users seeking a specific experience, he doesn’t want the medical implications to be overlooked.The effective dose of cannabinoids has a very narrow range, he says. Too little and there is no benefit. But too much, and unwanted side effects such as paranoia kick in. €œTerpenes make the overall mixture more therapeutic.

You can increase the dose to get more of a benefit with fewer side effects,” Russo says. More Legal, More Legitimate?. Holmes feels that both laws and cultural attitudes towards cannabis have stood in the way of more scientific research and more people benefiting from the chemical compounds created by the cannabis plant. Unlike cannabinoids, terpenes are legal in the United States. Plus, she asks, “How can you stigmatize the smell of pine trees?.

€Terpenes have mostly been investigated by aromatherapy practitioners, Russo says, and while there haven’t been a lot of high-quality investigations, they do exist. Researchers such as Ryan Vandrey of Johns Hopkins are conducting the kind of double-blind, controlled studies on terpenoids that change attitudes, Russo believes.Holmes says she first noticed requests for proposals on terpene research from the NIH’s National Center for Complementary and Integrative Medicine in 2018. Now that it’s been three years since that first round of NIH funding, Holmes expects to see published research results soon.Cannabis is a “pharma factory,” Holmes says. With terpenes, we are beginning to see what this plant has to offer. But it’s only the beginning, she says.

There is still a lot to learn about terpenes and about the other organic compounds produced by the cannabis plant that are waiting to be researched and used..